高考英語中的異點(diǎn)-----省略與替代

    省略是英語中一個(gè)十分普遍而常見的語言現(xiàn)象，尤其多用于有明確的語境的交際英語中，因此省略很自然的成為了高考中一個(gè)必考且?？嫉囊c(diǎn)。那么，什么是省略呢？省略就是一個(gè)或一組句子不因某個(gè)詞，短語，結(jié)構(gòu)，甚至句子的刪減而產(chǎn)生歧義或語義不明的一種語言現(xiàn)象。就語法范疇而言，省略的內(nèi)容非常繁復(fù)，但根據(jù)歷次高考的設(shè)題情況來看，問題相對(duì)集中。現(xiàn)略述如下。

一．點(diǎn)“道”為止
1．簡略的答語：其中包括助動(dòng)詞的簡略答語，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的簡略答語等。注意具體的語境下應(yīng)使用不同的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來簡略回答。有時(shí)還可使用特殊疑問句的簡略反問形式。
▲---Come and see me if you are free.
---I will. (I will go and see you if I am free.)
▲---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
---I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.
▲---Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer? 
--- What for?( What do you ask me to go and empty that drawer for? )
2．so與not 的替代: 英語中I think, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I consider, I imagine, I hope（不可說I don’t hope so）等可與so或not 連用替代上文的內(nèi)容。另外，I am afraid亦可。特別值得一提的是do, prove, say, seem, tell等動(dòng)詞也能與so連用。省略和替代是一個(gè)事物的兩個(gè)方面。往往是從形式上看是省略，而從文意的角度看卻是替代。另外，either, both, none, neither和nor等也能起到省略和替代的作用。例如：
▲---You are going abroad? Everybody says so.
▲---It’s going to rain.
---I think so. (so替代It’s going to rain.)
---I am afraid not. (not 指It’s not going to rain.)
▲---Do you like them all?
---None. (none指I like none of them.)
3．So did I, so I did, I did so: 
▲---Mary handed in the homework.
---So did I. (同事異人)
▲---You went to hospital this morning.
---So I did. (同事同人，表認(rèn)同)
▲My teacher asked me to read the text aloud in class. I did so . (遵照?qǐng)?zhí)行)
4．特殊的形容詞后的不定式的省略: 表示“急于，樂意，擔(dān)心”等詞義的形容詞(如be ready /be afraid /be glad/be willing/be happy等)可省略到小品詞to。例如：
▲If he is not willing to please don’t ask him to join us in the game.
▲Mr. Smith was not allowed to enter the music hall though he was eager to.
5．特殊動(dòng)詞后的不定式的省略: 一般而論，其后可接動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞尤其是那些表示心理、情感、計(jì)劃等的動(dòng)詞或短語，如expect /want/plan /mean/intend/try/hope/wish/love/hate/decide/afford/refuse/seem/like/prefer/forget 等后，包括would like , would love之類，依據(jù)語境可省略到to。有些能接賓語補(bǔ)足的動(dòng)詞，其賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可省到to，否定形式為not to。例如：
▲ If you want me to, I will buy the tickets.
▲ Buy this diamond necklace? you cannot afford to！
▲---Will you go to the concert tomorrow? 
--- I am planning to.
▲You'd better go with her if she asked you to. 
另外，某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語或助動(dòng)詞短語如ought to /have to /used to /be able to/be going to等亦可依據(jù)語境可省略到to。例如：
▲---Must I clean the classroom now? 
---No. You don 't have to.
注：要特別注意當(dāng)like或want在由when/whenever /what/whatever/as /if/no matter how之類連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中時(shí)，連動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)記to也需省掉。例如：
▲You can do anything as you like.
▲Just stay at home if you want.
6．特殊的句式: 
▲Why not come to my house? (省掉了do you) 
▲Why go there so often? (省掉了do you)
▲---Wear some flowers. (省掉了you can )
▲---Why just flowers? I need some jewels. (省掉了do I wear)
還有What for…? What about…? How about…? If only…? 等。
7． be 和have: 由于這兩個(gè)詞既可作助動(dòng)詞又可作謂語動(dòng)詞,因此, 在回指上文中應(yīng)予保留。例如: 
▲---Tom didn’t pass the English test. 
---He should have, but he was not very careful.
▲---Was he a professor of CCNU?
---No, but I know he used to be.
8． 保留連詞問題：if, when , than, once, while, unless和as等連詞所接的從句往往可省到只剩關(guān)鍵詞。在上下文明確的情況下，有時(shí)保留連詞也可不保留。例如：
▲Correct the mistakes if any. (if there is/are any mistakes)
▲Come and ask me to help you when necessary. (when it is necessary)
▲He arrived at Shanghai one hour earlier than expected. (than it was expected/had been expected)
▲He was always ready to do the task once told to. (once he was told to do the task)
▲Given more time, he could do that better. (If he were given more time)

二、高考“真”傳

（一）典題
1．---Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer? (NMET2004，34)
---__________?
A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
2． ______ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
(Hubei2004,28)
A. Compare B. When comparing 
C. Comparing D. When compared 
3．---Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
---Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing. (NMET2003，33)
A. him B. he C. I D. me
4．Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (Shanghai 2003，39)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5．Unless _______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (Shanghai 2003春季，37)
A. invited B. inviting C. invite D. having invited
6．The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET2002，34)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
7．---You forgot your purse when you went out.
---Good heavens, ______. (Shanghai 2002,32)
A. so did I B. so I did C. I did so D. I so did
8．---Write to me when you get home.
---________. (NMET2001春季,6)
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
9．_________some of this juice----perhaps you’ll like it. 
(Beijing2000春季,)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
10． ---Will you stay for lunch?
---Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET1999,15)
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t 
11． ---You haven’t been to Beijing, have you ?
---_______. How I wish to go there! (NMET1998,7)
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t 
12． ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
--- I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET1997,22)
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
13． ---Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?
---_______. (NMET1997)
A. Yes, you may borrow B. Yes, you could
C. Yes, help yourself D. Yes, go on
14． ---I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
---Not at all. _______.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not (NMET95)
C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to 
15． ---The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_______?
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to (NMET95)
16． ---Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?
---________. (NMET94)
A. I don’t believe B. I don’t believe it
C. I believe not so D. I believe not
(答案：ADDBA DBCBB DCCDA D)
增2005年高考試題中的省略與替代：
1. —Father ,you promised! （鄂, 34）
—Well, .But it was you who didn’t keep your word first.
A．so was I B．so did I C．so I was D．so I did
2. －Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. （皖, 35）
－ ______, and so did I.
A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she
3. —Well. I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast.
—_____________.（遼, 32）
A．So it is B．So is it C．So does it D．So it does
4. Mary never does any reading in the evening, _________.（國III, 16）
A．so does John B．John does too
C．John doesn’t too D．nor does John
（答案：DCAD）

（二）點(diǎn)撥
1. 點(diǎn)撥：此題和NMET2003第33小題有驚人的相似之處，而且都是考查省略在交際英語中的應(yīng)用。 答案D大約相當(dāng)于What do you ask me to go and empty that drawer for?從目的的角度以反問的形式進(jìn)行回答。
2. 點(diǎn)撥：此題考保留連詞問題。保留連詞的核心就是非謂語動(dòng)詞的從句替代作用。當(dāng)然此題不屬于嚴(yán)格意義上的省略考查題，而是一個(gè)多重考查題。答案為D。
3. 點(diǎn)撥：此句約相當(dāng)于Why do you ask me to go and join my sister cleaning the yard? 這種省略形式在口語中特別普遍。例如：---Beat John, Tom.. –Why him? He hasn’t done anything wrong! 這里 Why him? 是Why do we beat John? 的省略形式。答案D。
4. 點(diǎn)撥：此處的when 是保留連詞，帶一個(gè)分詞短語，而這實(shí)際上，根據(jù)主句的主語the drug 和動(dòng)詞take 的邏輯關(guān)系來看，是動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)，所以，我們選用過去分詞的形式與主句的主語一致。答案B。
5. 點(diǎn)撥：此題和上題是同一種省略形式，unless 為保留連詞，我們?nèi)匀灰粗骶涞闹髡Z和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯關(guān)系，應(yīng)該說you和invite的關(guān)系是比較明確的，“你”是“被邀請(qǐng)的”，所以，動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式合乎要求。只能選A。
6. 點(diǎn)撥：同樣，once 為保留連詞。而nothing和begin 的關(guān)系為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選D。這種省略形式的考查在高考中比較多見，因此考生要特別留心。
7. 點(diǎn)撥：此題屬于“同事同人”類。選B。
8. 點(diǎn)撥：首句使用的是祈使句，所以回答應(yīng)用I will。有兩種看法：其一，祈使句的疑問尾句是will you; 其二，I will 是一種情態(tài)將來時(shí)的表達(dá)形式，在純粹將來時(shí)中我們使用I shall。因此，C為上選。
9. 點(diǎn)撥：根據(jù)后句來判斷，其主語是you,而且前面加了一個(gè)perhaps,所以前文必為祈使句。故選B。
10. 點(diǎn)撥：若用I won’t 來回答，則意為“我不愿意”或“我不想留在這里”，明顯與上下文意思不合。而B項(xiàng)答案卻表達(dá)了“我”雖然想但卻不能留下的矛盾心態(tài)。
11. 點(diǎn)撥：這是根據(jù)前文來進(jìn)行的簡略回答，通常使用相應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞。答案選D。
12. 點(diǎn)撥：主要的干擾是在B項(xiàng)上，根據(jù)but I had an unexpected visitor, 其時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，因此，若要B答案正確，可在would 后加have構(gòu)成對(duì)過去情況進(jìn)行的虛擬語氣。此題答案只能選C。
13. 點(diǎn)撥：結(jié)構(gòu)help yourself可表示請(qǐng)別人自便。其主要的意思為請(qǐng)受話者取用，通?？墒∑浜蟮膬?nèi)容。例如：She helped me to vegetables. Help yourself to the cake.故選C。
14. 點(diǎn)撥：一般遇到I am glad to, I am happy to , I didn’t mean to, I want to等都可省略到to, 除非時(shí)態(tài)的需要還可能省到to 后的have。例如：--She hasn’t done it yet. –-She ought to have.
15. 點(diǎn)撥：此題考不定式的省略，通常省略到to。
16. 點(diǎn)撥：省略與替代在英語中是相對(duì)的概念。Not 與so的這種用法屬于典型的替代用法?？勺屑?xì)參看點(diǎn)“道”為止第二條。

（三）預(yù)測
省略與替代是一個(gè)高考英語考查的語法項(xiàng)目，這一點(diǎn)已被多年來的高考實(shí)踐所驗(yàn)證，應(yīng)該說它是一個(gè)異點(diǎn)。無論是全國題還是地方題，不管是過去還是現(xiàn)在，它都是一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的高考考點(diǎn)。保留連詞問題，動(dòng)詞不定式省略問題，替代問題，以及省略在交際英語中的應(yīng)用問題等等仍將是我們應(yīng)該正視的問題。

三．“逼”真試劍
1．When ___, the museum will be open to the public next year. 
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
2. ---Do you want tea or coffee?
---________. I really don’t mind.
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
3. ---I believe we've met somewhere before.
---No, ________. 
A. it isn't the same B. it can't be true C. I don't think so D. I'd rather not
4. _______ met, it won’t be easily forgotten.
A. If you B. When it C. Once D. Once you were
5.She could hear the opening and closing of her nieghbour’s door and then the knocking on _____.
A. his own B. her own C. one’s own D. their own 
6. ---Shall I invite John to my birthday party?
---Yes, it will be nice if you ______.
A. do B. do invite C. are D. invite 
7. ---I’ll be away for a summer holiday. Would you mind going with me?
---_______.
A. I’ll like it B. No, I’ve no time 
C. Not at all, I’d be glad to D. Yes, of course not
8. ---Have you passed the entrance examination?
---No. I ________, but I failed.
A. didn’t pass B. tried to C. tried D. had tried
9. ---Why are they taking all the equipment away?
---The job ______, they are packing up to leave.
A. done B. being done C laws done D. having done
10. ---Do you think the fine weather will keep up?
---_______.
A. I believe it B. I don’t believe it 
C. I believe not so D. I don’t believe so
11. ---Could I use your bike, Jack?
---Of course, you _______.
A. can B. may C. could D. might
12. ---Didn’t you enjoy the performance last night?
---______. It was less wonderful than expected.
A. Yes, I did B. No, I didn’t C. Yes, I didn’t D. No, I did
13. _______ at the meeting surprised all of us.
A. His saying so B. He said so C. What he says D. That he said
14. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ______. 
A. the other is white B. another white 
C. the other white D. another is white
15. ---I didn’t see her yesterday.
---Of course, you _______, because she had gone to a trip.
A. can’t B. may not have C. can’t have D. mustn’t have 
16. How about the two of us _______ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
17. ---How much shall I pay for the phone call?
---You ________ . This is free of charge.
A. shouldn’t B. can’t C. don’t have to D. mustn’t 
18. ---Do you think it’s a good idea?
---_______.
A. I’m glad I don’t agree B I’m sorry to agree with you 
C. I’m afraid I don’t think so D. I don’t care
19. Mr. Smith said that it was likely to rain tomorrow and I said that ______.
A. I hope so B. it was really so C. it seemed so D. I knew so
20. ---I hope the children don’t play football in the street.
---I have warned them _____.
A. not play B. not C. not to D. won’t 
（答案：ACCCB ACBAD BBACC CCCCC） [/color]