When --- 正在……的時候，突然…。通常主句是進行時或 be about to 時，在翻譯的時候，when 可以譯成沒想到或突然。I waswalking along the street , when I met him.
When 當從句是進行時，主句是一般時，往往表示不滿。Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.
When=afterWhen the childrenhad gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons.
While---在……期間，往往指一段時間。While wewere inAmerica, we saw him twice.
While ---表示一種不滿情緒，意思是這邊在干某種重要的事，而另一邊在享受等。We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football.
As--- 一邊……一邊, 隨著She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.
As--- 當……時，指一個動作緊接著一個動作發(fā)生，從句通常用進行時。As I was going out, it began to rain.
The moment --- 一……就…… =as soon as , immediately,---Did you remember to give Mary themoney you owed her?---Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her.
Not… until --- 直到……才He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work.
Before --- 在……之前The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before theflight departs.
After--- 在…… 之后The customerleft the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.
Since ---自從……, 通常主句用現(xiàn)在完成時I have never been there again since I graduated from theuniversity.It is just a week since we arrived here.
As soon as --- 一……就……Jack went to school as soon as he got well.
No sooner than--- 一……就……no sooner…than… 用于句首要求倒裝
Hardly …when…Scarcely …when…No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
Once --- 一但……就……Once you see him, you will never forget him.
Every time, each time 每次whenever 每當Each time he came to town, he would visitour school.
2. 條件狀語從句
引導狀語從句的連接詞有：If如果, unless除非, as long as只要, As (so) far as --- 據(jù)……所知，in case萬一, provided that假如, on condition that若是，以…為條件
If---如果If you don’t hurry up, you will miss theplane.
Unless --- 如果不, 除非=if notWe can’t get there on time unless we book the earliest flight
As long as--- 只要We will succeed as long as we keep ontrying.
As (so) far as--- 據(jù)……所知As far as I know,he speaks English very well.
In case--- 假使, 如果The plane cannottake off in case it rains.
Provided that如果,有時省略 thatTheplane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.
On condition that --- 條件是…He saidthat he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.
注:主從句的動作發(fā)生在將來時，則主句用將來時, 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。If he arrives tomorrow, I will bewaiting for him at the airport.
3. 地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句只有兩個連詞: Where, wherever
Where --- 在……地方Where there is a will, there is a way.
Wherever --- 無論哪里Whereveryou are, I will be right there waiting for you.
4. 原因狀語從句
because, as, since, now that, 和consideringthat, seeing that 這六個連詞都用于表示表示原因, 但在語氣上一個比一個弱.
Because--- 因為,通常從句放在主句后.Mr Smithwas very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage.
As--- 因為, 通常放在句首As he ishonest and modest, all his friends like him.
Since---既然 因語氣較弱, 常譯為既然(眾所周知的原因)Sinceeverybody has come, we can set off.
Now that--- 既然Now that you are here, you can join us.
considering that--- 顧及到Considering that they are just beginners,they are doing quite a good job.
seeing that--- 由于Seeing (that) quite a few people wereabsent, we decided to put the meeting off.
5. 結果狀語從句
引導結果狀語從句的連詞有：that, so that, so…that…
such…thatSo… that --- 太……以至于 so 后面應用形容詞或副詞,有時省略so只用thatBoeing 747 is solarge that people like to call it jet bomb噴氣炸彈.
So that --- 因而，以便，為了 有時so可以省去Speak louder please so that the people at the backcan hear you.
Such …that…---太……以至于 用法與so…that相同，但such后面應用名詞。The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker thatnobody could understand him.
6. 目的狀語從句
引導目的狀語從句的主要連詞有: that, so that, in orderthat, for fear that, lest
(So) that --- 以便, 從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等Let’s takethe front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.
in order that --- 為了, 與so that 相同從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等School wasclosed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.
for fear that--- 生怕; 為了防止(某事發(fā)生)He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
in case --- 萬一You shouldbring a dictionary in case you need it.
Lest--- 以防萬一The man decided to tell his boss the fact lest hewould be angry with him.
7.讓步狀語從句
引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有：Although, though, as, evenif, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether.
Although, though---雖然 although 和though 可以互換，但although 常放在句首。Though可以用于倒裝。Although it was raining, the plane managed to take off.Though he didhis best, he didn’t succeed.
As --- 盡管 as 引導讓步狀語從句時，句子通常倒裝?？膳cthough 互換。Busy as he is, he never misses a football match.
Even if /even though ---即使Even if you don’t like your boss, you shoulddo your work.
However --- 不論， however 引導讓步狀語從句時，句子通常倒裝He couldn’t get there on time however fast he drove.
No matter (what, when, where,how) ---無論（什么，何時，何地，怎樣）He wouldn’t forgive me no matter how hard I begged him.
Whatever--- 不管Whatever other people may say, she won’t change hermind.
While---盡管While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you.
Whether ---不管，常與or not 連用Whetherhe is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.
8. 方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句常由: as, as if, asthough
as---與…… 一樣Do in Rome as the Romans do.
as if, as though--- 仿佛, 由as if或 as though引導的從句中可用虛擬語氣She stood at the dooras if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.
4. so …that與such…that的區(qū)別以及與too…to, enough to之間的同義句轉換。
5. than, as …as, notas/so …as的用法。
【典型例題】
1. He doesn’t tell mewhen he will come. I’ll call you as soon as he comes. 他沒有告訴我什么時候來，他一來我就會給你打電話的。
2. I don’t know if hewill come tomorrow. If he comes, I will let you know. 我不知道他明天是否來，如果他來，我會讓你知道的。
3、You won’t pass the exam if you don’t work hard. =Youwon’t pass the exam unless you work hard. 如果你不努力學習，你將不能通過考試。
4. He got up early thismorning so that he could catch the early bus. =He got up early this morning inorder to catch the early bus. 他今天早上早起是為了趕早班車。
5. The apples are so high thatI can’t reach them. =The apples are too high for me to reach. 蘋果太高了以致于我夠不到。
二、賓語從句
（一）定義：在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。
（二）連接詞：that: I think that you can pass theexam.Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means.“Wh”: I don’t know what the word means.I don’t knowwhere he found the book.
只用whether的情況：1. 與or not連用：I don’t know whether it’s raining or not.2. 與動詞不定式連用：He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation.3. 連接詞前有介詞時：It depends on whether he is coming.
（三）時態(tài)
1. 主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定(各種時態(tài)均可)She wants to know what he hasdone for the exam.
2.主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應的過去的時態(tài)。1）She saidthat she was a student.2）She said that she would fly toJapan in a week.3）She said that she had finished herhomework already.
3. 如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。The teacher saidthat the earth goes round the sun.
（二）先行詞：先行詞指人 who /that，先行詞指物 which/ that，定語從句一般緊跟被修飾的名詞或代詞（即先行詞）后
（三）關系代詞
關系代詞代替先行詞在句子中擔當成分，所以從句中不可再出現(xiàn)其他代替先行詞的代詞。
（四）翻譯方法“…. 的”
Whom:先行詞指人，則代替先行詞在定語從句中充當賓語（包括介詞的賓語）, 與who的區(qū)別是如果前面帶介詞則必須用whom 1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best.2. I don’t like the boy to whom youare talking.
Whose :指人或物，作定語，表示 “…的”eg:Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.
關系代詞只能 that 的特殊情況：
1.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾時：Thisis the first gift that my parents bought me.
2.先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時：This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.
3. 先行詞是不定代詞something, anything等時.e.g. Is there anything that you want in this shop
4. 先行詞是人和物時, 用that.e.g.He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all.
5. 先行詞被all ,little , the only , the very(就是，正是), the last 等詞修飾時,只能用thate.g. This is the last place that Iwant to visit.
6. 特殊疑問句以who 或which 開頭，只能用that引導.Whois the girl that is making a speech on the platform?
當關系代詞前使用介詞時：物+介詞+which ; 人+ 介詞 + whom
當關系代詞前使用介詞時：e.g. 1. This is the train by which we went toBeijing.2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking.
★ This is the reason why (=for which) Iam leaving tomorrow. 這就是我明天離開的原因。
【解析】先行詞是the reason，故用why.
（六） 知識概要 ?
定語從句并不屬于中考范圍，但由于作者在多年的教學中體會到，這一語法現(xiàn)象影響了許多學生自學英語。這些學生一般是成績較好的學生，想進行大量閱讀來提高自己的英語水平，但總是碰到一些問題，百思不得其解?？嘤谧约旱乃街幌抻诔踔兴?，無法提高，但各種補習班又都是為一些水平較差的學生開設的，所以又投師無門。為了解決這部分學生的學習困難，也為那些有志青年鋪平學習上的道路，特用這一節(jié)講述定語從句，不是從語法上講述，而是從閱讀理解方面去講述?？晒┩瑢W們在學習時參考。這會對你的英語學習起到事半功倍的作用。?對于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容詞 good 用來修飾書 book。 我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞，這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用，又被叫做定語從句(The attributive clause)。但有一點不同的是這個從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前，而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 這句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科學家嗎?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午給我們作的報告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即是：你認識今天下午給我們作報告的那位科學家嗎?這里 scientist 叫作先行詞，而 who 叫作定語從句的引導詞。 who 在定語從句中起主語的作用， who 的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如： You must do everything that I do? 這里先行詞是 everything， 而 that I do 是定語從句，此句應譯為：你必須作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定語從句的引導詞，在句中作 do 的賓語。?引導定語從句的引導詞有關系代詞： that， which， who， whom， whose 和關系副詞 when， where， why， how。不論關系代詞還是關系副詞，都應放于先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用，充當一個成份。如關系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語，而關系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來看關系代詞的用法。① that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly? 這里先行詞是 machine 而 that 是關系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。這句譯為：飛機是一種會飛的機器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday? 這里先行詞是 book， 關系代詞用 that， 它在定語從句中作 lend (借)的賓語。要注意的是關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterday?② which 關系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語從句中作主語或賓語，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books? 這里 shop 是先行詞， which 在從句中作主語。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful? 這里主句是 The book was wonderful? 而定語從句是修飾主句的主語 book， 即我昨晚讀的那本書，which 在定語從句中作 read 的賓語，可以省略。?③ who， whom， whose? who 在定語從句中作主語， whom 是 who 的賓格，在定語從句中作賓語，而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞，在從句中作定語，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend? 昨天參觀我們學校的人是一位美國朋友。 Who 在定語從句中作主語。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?而 whom 作定語從句中介詞 to 的賓語，可以省略，而在現(xiàn)代英語中，句首的 whom 也常?？捎?who代替。?This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school? 這是我們的同學瑪麗，她的家離我們學校不遠。?為了便于理解，我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。?
１． I saw the man.? He closed the door??
I saw the man who (that) closed the door?
2． The girl is happy? She won the race??
The girl who won the race is happy?
3． The students are from China? They sit in the front row??
The students who sit in the front row are from China?
(要注意的是先行詞是 students 則 who 的數(shù)也應看作復數(shù)。)?
4． We are studying sentences? They contain adjective dause??
We are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause? ?
5． The taxi driver was friendly? He took me to the airport??
The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly? ?
6． The book was good? I read it??
The book that I read was good??
The book I read was good? ?
7． The people were very nice? We visited them yesterday??
The people we visited yesterday were very nice?
8． The man called the police? His wallet was stolen??
The man whose wallet was stolen called the police?
9． I come from a country? Its history goes back thousands of years??
I come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years?
10． I have to call the man? I picked up his umbrella after the meeting??
I have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting?
關系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時為了關系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years? 或可以寫作：
That was the room which we had lived in for ten years??
He was the man whom(who) you were looking for? 要注意的是此句的關系代詞 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短語動詞也不可將 for 放于定語從句之前。that 作關系代詞作介詞賓語時，不能緊跟介詞，而只能將介詞置于定語從句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school? 這時不可用 about that … 請看下面例句：?
1． The meeting was interesting? I went to it??
The meeting that I went to was interesting? ?
2． The man was very kind? I talked to him yesterday??
The man who I talked to yesterday was very kind?
3． I must thank the people? I got a present from him??
I must thank the people who I got a present from?
4． The picture was beautiful? She was looking at it??
The picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful?
5． The man is standing over there? I told you about him??
The man who I told you about is standing over there?
?
除關系代詞外，還有關系副詞， when， where， why， 其中 when用來指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall? 而 where 則指地點，如： This is the house where the old man lives? 請看下面例句：
1． The city was beautiful? We spent our vacation there??
The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful?
?
2． That is the restaurant? I will meet you there??
That is the restaurant where I will meet you?
?
3． The town is small? I grew up there??
The town where I grew up is small?
?
4． That is the drawer? I keep my newpapers there??
That is the drawer where I keep my newspapers?
?
5． Monday is the day? We will come then??
Monday is the day? When we will came?
?
6． ７∶０５ is the time My plane arrives then??
７∶０５ is the time when my plane arrives?
?
7． １９６０ is the year? The revolution took place then??
１９６０ is the year when the revolution took place?
?
8． July is the month? The weather is usually the hottest then??
July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest? ?
在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。?
① 限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉的話，主句的意思就不完整，意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語從句緊接先行詞，如：?I was the only person in my office who was invited??
② 非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關系不十分密切，只是對其附加說明，也就是講即便去掉定語從句，句意也不受影響，仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語從句要在它和主句之間加一逗號分開。且關系代詞不引導這種非限制性定語從句，如： Abraham Lincoln， who led the United States through these years， was shot on April １４，?。保福叮?at a theatre in washington? Ｄ． Ｃ． 又如：Galileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high???
（七） 正誤辨析 ?
［誤］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English? ?
［正］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English? ?
［析］ 在定語從句中，關系代詞作主語時，從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式，這時要由它的先行詞決定。這里who 應由 the person 單數(shù)決定，應該用單數(shù)謂語動詞。又如：I who am a student? want to find a spare time job?這里的 who 應與 I 是一致的，所以其謂語動詞應該用am。?
［誤］ We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War? ?
［正］ We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War? ?
